![]() The finish picks up on the peppery, dry aspect of the scent, winding down with some light warmth.Įxpect a 750ml bottle of Jura 10 Year Old to run you $50. Once again, it’s simple stuff, so simple that it’s missing some elements that were present on the nose and without anything new taking up the gap. On the palate, it’s got a silky texture, and a flavor that smacks of malty cereals and apples, with just a touch of anise to make things interesting. It’s a simple, but well-rounded and balanced scent, and very much in tune with what one might imagine for an Islands single malt. The nose has a soft, sweetly honeyed cereal base, joined with dabs of peat smoke, pepper and dry oak. The liquid is somewhat viscous, leaving just a few legs after a swish and those resembling the veins of a leaf. In the glass, Jura 10 Year Old has a lightly coppered, golden appearance, something like apple juice. Finally, the whisky is now known to be aged in ex-bourbon barrels and finished in Sherry butts. The American bottling is 40% ABV, just like the rest of the world. Now the “Origin” is gone, so it’s simply Jura 10 Year Old. ![]() ![]() Once upon a time there were two versions of this release, a 43% ABV, 750ml bottling for the American market and a 40% ABV, 70cl bottling for the rest of the world, and both were once titled “Origin.” Jura 10 Year Old is the core expression in the distillery’s single malt line, and has gone through at least three changes of appearance and titling since my first exposure to Jura 10 Year Old some years ago. It’s presently part of the Whyte & Mackay portfolio, which in turn is owned by the Filipino company Emperador (itself part of Alliance Global Group). Jura Distillery dates back to 1810, before the easing of restrictions on distillation under the Excise Act of 1823 that effectively legalized Scotch production. It’s a mountainous and boggy island, and it’s main claims to fame are having more deer than people, that George Orwell retreated there to write 1984 and its whisky distillery. Jura is an island in the Inner Hebrides, north of and adjacent to Islay. But try it anyways maybe you prefer it.It’s been a while since we’ve touched on Jura single malts (several years for me in particular), so I think a little reintroduction is in order. Do yourself a favor and don’t add water, it makes the flavors unintegrated and takes away the cohesion. Be warned though, it’s a strange beast and I’ve still not decided if i like it. If you like Jura, I think you will like this because it is Jura times 1000. Super interesting whisky, nothing like any Jura you’ve had. There is a strange disconnect with the heaviness of the nose and the mouthfeel and finish but that makes it super interesting. Mouth feel is not as heavy as the nose but the finish is long. It is very saline – Imagine a horse and a salt lick. Second sip becomes heavier and progresses and builds on itself. Licorice, herbal and distinct heavy salinity. The yeastiness is prevailing, cereal notes too. Imagine a piece of stake mating with a pot of burnt sugar – then you get some dry and burnt tobacco, Spanish cedar but an unrelenting savoriness to it. The palate is equally as strange as the nose. The bitter cherry comes out after a few nosing attempts, but it is like a piece of meat in liquid form with mud thrown all over it with a hint of minerality. Yeasty, meaty, earthy through and through. There is fatty notes, oily and reminds me of a spoonful of bovril and pork rinds with black pepper. This whisky is one one of the most unusual whiskies I’ve nosed. Extreme earthiness, unusual straight away – No hiding that fact. Wow, distinct smokiness and savoriness to that. Adelphi, as a tier one bottler and jura by Adelphi – well…Gotta try it! (Tasted neat from a 1920s blenders Glass) Color Jura, A distillery I find rather… boring, sometimes even offensive and to be honest do not like and that is exactly why I purchased this bottle! Jura is an old fashioned distillery providing spirits for their own bottlings and a lot of blended whisky.
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![]() Verath cupped Lireesa’s flushed face in his hands, and as Sylvanas stepped inside, relief making her weak, her parents kissed for a long, sweet moment, then pressed their foreheads together. The transom at the top was made of stained glass, casting its own rainbow hues. Warm sunlight streamed in through the open casement window, bathing her mother and the bundle she bore in white-gold. She saw instead a sight so beautiful it could have been a painting hung in Sunfury Spire. Sylvanas stumbled in a second after, bracing for the worst. ![]() She was clumsy as she ran.ĭespite his weeping burden, Verath reached the room before Sylvanas, vanishing into the quarters he and his wife shared. Sylvanas did not think she had ever been truly afraid of anything in her life, but suddenly fear locked her in its cold grasp. There was no sound from above, of another child crying its first breath. A sensitive child, Vereesa had picked up on the tension and started crying the moment they departed, much to Halduron’s consternation, and she now was sobbing at full tilt. Halduron handed Vereesa back to her father, and Verath and Sylvanas raced up the stairs. ![]() Sylvanas and her father leaped off the dragonhawks almost before the creatures were close enough to land. Her mother had doubtless summoned some of the finest healers in the land the moment it became apparent that the newest addition to the family was determined to join it ahead of schedule. Verath’s reaction had unsettled her, and she was doing her utmost not to worry. She sat behind her father, arms around his waist, resting her cheek on his back. Alleria was the only one who needed to produce the future ranger-general. Sylvanas was not particularly interested in children other than her younger sister nor had she given much thought to having children of her own. He settled the girl safely in front of him while Jirri slipped off her dragonhawk and Verath and Sylvanas climbed atop it. His effort at lightening the mood was received with worried silence as Verath handed Vereesa to him. “Apparently, someone neglected to inform the child,” Halduron retorted. “But the child isn’t due for several weeks-” Sylvanas had never seen her father look so distressed. “My lord, you must return to the spire at once,” Jirri said “Lady Lireesa has gone into labor!” Although she was clearly trying to control her emotions, the normally smiling Jirri was pale and almost. “Halduron!” her father called as Halduron, Jirri, and the dragonhawks approached. This excerpt takes place early in the novel, revealing a young Sylvanas' first encounter with her infant brother Lirath. Girls show the pre puberty rise two years earlier than boys and when boys reach puberty stage their basal energy expenditure is higher than girls and continues to be higher throughout the life. Genetics and hormones: On the onset of adolescence, there is a difference in the basal heat production for males and females. The changes in BMR is different for children and adults because adults are more susceptible to the changes in the environment, whereas children are always kept protected from the environmental changes. After puberty, the BMR gradually keeps on decreasing. It keeps on gradually decreasing until the period of early adolescence (12-15 years of age). The child reaches the peak of basal heat production at two years of age. The new-born’s basal metabolism rate increases rapidly in proportion to the rate of growth and development of their muscles during the life span of one year. Age is a factor that has a major significance in human nutrition and diet. ![]() Basal metabolic rate is dependent on body size as it is indicated by weight, age, gender. As the muscle mass increases, body consumes more amount of energy to maintain and control its basic everyday functions, this giving BMR a well-deserved boost in the metabolic activity.Īge: The basal metabolic rate decreases linearly with increase in age number. Anything that reduces lean mass will result in reduction of BMR. And that instant energy is released through muscle activity. Muscle mass: BMR is largely determined by the total body lean mass as lean mass requires a lot of energy to perform energetic activities. Male: BMR = 66 + (6.23 x weight in pounds) + (12.7 x height in inches) – (6.8 x age in years) The general formula for calculating BMR in female and male is:įemale: BMR = 655 + (4.35 x weight in pounds) + (4.7 x height in inches) – (4.7 x age in years) On the other hand, overweight or obesity, Cushing’s syndrome, anorexia, adrenal insufficiency and immobilization decreases BMR. These diseases are meant to increase BMR. BMR is also altered by various clinical conditions such as viral fever, pregnancy, drugs, cancer, cholesterol, congestive heart failure, polycythaemia and Paget’s disease of the bone. Most of the hyperthyroid patients hold a BMR percent of positive 20% or more and hypothyroid patients have a BMR of negative 20% or less. Normal BMR percentage ranges from negative 15% to positive 5%. High values suggest that there exists presence of thyrotoxicosis. Low values in the results suggest that there is hypothyroidism. The test indirectly measures metabolic energy expenditure or the level of heat production. Since, the standard equipment for the measurement and calculation of BMR might not be readily available, the BMR can be easily estimated and measured from the oxygen consumed over a period of time by analysing the samples of expired air. It measures the oxygen consumption rate under basal conditions of overnight fast and rest from mental and physical activity. One of them is through the evaluation of thyroid function. There are various methods to measure BMR. The rest is all used in basal metabolism, that is, the energy that we require in a resting state, for the body to perform functions such as blood circulation, digestion, and breathing. Nearly 20 percent of the energy we take is used for brain functioning and metabolism. Energy in BMR includes energy that is used for normal body activities like cellular homeostasis, muscular activities, cardiac function, nerve function. Also, there are other basal metabolic rate equations which account for lean body mass.BMR is responsible for approximately 60% of the energy expenditure on a day to day basis. It is considered that the most reliable one is the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, created in 1990, that is present in the calorie calculator. The most common three prediction equations, beside the Harris-Benedict, are the Mifflin-St Jeor, Owen, and World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations University. The study has also highlighted the change in basal metabolism with age. A correlation has been found between the basal pulse rate and the basal metabolism and also between body weight and heat production. Measurements have been taken of 36 men, 103 women and 94 new-born infants and have been analysed biometrically to extract the standard constants. ![]() The BMR equations originate in 1918 study conducted by James Arthur Harris and Francis Gano Benedict, which was published in 1919 by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the monograph A Biometric Study Of Basal Metabolism In Man. ![]() The automatic exposure and gain control feature adapts the camera settings to the actual beam intensity. A measured mean value of the ambient light intensity is subtracted from the beam profile measurement so as to compensate for ambient light. The integrated power meter can be user calibrated and is perfectly suited for simultaneous power and beam shape optimization without the need for an external power meter. Two 1/4"-20 (M6) taps on the bottom of the housing allow for post mounting. Engraved labels are included on the filter wheel to indicate the ND filter pre-installed in each slot, and if filters need to be removed or replaced, the wheel can be opened using a flathead screwdriver.Įach filter housing is internally SM1 (1.035"-40) threaded for easy integration with Thorlabs' lens tube systems and mounts for other optical components such as additional attenuation filters. The automatic dark level calibration provides very stable dark currents independent of the device settings, eliminating the need to recalibrate the dark level for each user setting.Īn integrated filter wheel with 6 high-quality neutral density (ND) filters allows the profiler to be adapted for use with beam intensities from nanowatts to 1 W (see the Specs and ND Filter tabs for details). Several trigger modes allow flexible capturing of single pulses, including a TTL input for triggered single pulse detection of signals with repetition rates up to 37 kHz see the manual for more information.Įach beam profiler contains a high-quality 12-bit CMOS camera with an active sensor size of 8.45 mm x 7.07 mm, a resolution of 5.0 Megapixels, and a 27 µs minimum exposure time. These beam profilers are suited for use with either continuous wave or pulsed sources. One Possible Configuration of the Beam Software GUI Showing Beam Settings, Calculation Results, 2D Projection, and 3D Profile. Compared to scanning slit beam profilers, camera beam profilers can capture a more detailed beam profile and provide a true 2D analysis of the beam's power density distribution. Thorlabs' Camera-Based Beam Profilers allow complex mode patterns (like flat top and donut) to be identified while optimizing a laser system. ![]() Optional M² Extension Kit for Automated M² Analysis (See Below).Black Level and Ambient Light Compensation.Auto Exposure from 27 µs to 1 s and Gain Control from 0 to 12 dB. ![]() Integrated Filter Wheel with Six Neutral Density Filters.Large Sensor Area (8.45 mm x 7.07 mm) for Uniformity and Linearity.Full 2D Analysis of Continuous Wave or Pulsed Laser Beam Profiles.This is the safe upper limit of the mean pulse power for the beam profiler. Slowly increase the power until your signal reaches approximately 50% of the intensity as shown in the Profile window of the Beam software package. For use with pulsed lasers, we recommend the following procedure as a guideline for determining a safe upper limit: Set the beam profiler to the maximum integration time (i.e., set the exposure to 1 s). Damage threshold data is currently not available for our beam profilers.See Specs and ND Filters tabs for details. At 700 nm, depending on beam diameter ![]() Picking something like the cycle of fourths is a good place to start. Eventually you’ll want to work up playing through every note on the fretboard. Possibly Bb, or some other note that you’re really uncomfortable with.Īfter enough repetition you won’t wonder where that notes placement on the neck is. Recognising patterns like these shouldn’t be used as a crutch, but they’ll help you typify the fretboard more and make every note’s placement easier to internalise.Īfter you’ve gotten pretty comfortable with F choose a different note. This is due to the B and G string being a Major 3rd apart rather than a fourth apart (annoying, I know). F on the first fret, high E string and F on the 6th fret, B string are the same note).īetween the B and G string you would go up 4 frets with the same pattern to find the same note. This means you already know where F is on the high E string because they’re placement is identical, just two octaves apart.īetween every string except B and G, you can go down a string and up 5 frets to find the same note (eg. You probably already know the F on the low E string from playing an F major chord. It will take several times to feel fluid, but soon you’ll start seeing where each F is placed on the fretboard. When you get to the top, come back down the string set. Starting on the low E string play F on every string up to the high E string. The diagram below has all the F’s below the 12th fret highlighted. Recognising patterns like this will help you better internalise every note’s placement on the neck.Īs we’ve been discussing F, it’s a good note to start the Note Finder Exercise with. If you think about F on the first fret as a starting point and play a scale going up, it’s exactly the same as starting on F on the second string 6th fret. What’s important to recognise here, is that the guitar is a grid that OVERLAPS on itself. On most other instruments you can only play a note in one place, but on guitar you can play the same note in several different places. If you do this exercise slowly and systematically, you’ll know the fretboard in and out in no time. ![]() ![]() This is what makes stringed instruments unique, but also sometimes frustrating to learn. If you play these three notes, you’ll notice they are actually the exact same note in the same octave. Step 2: In the above diagram, the note F is highlighted on the first, second and third string. To begin, we’ll first want to logically break down the fretboard and understand how it’s mapped in a standard guitar tuning. Step 1: To find any note, we’ll want to map out where any single note resides on each of the six strings. The essential goal of this exercise is to be able to find any note on any string Once the process has been thought out and internalised at a slow tempo, speeding up is easy because the thought process and muscle memory are already in place. When you start out at a slow tempo, it gives you time to think about your movements and see what’s coming ahead. Of course raising the tempo should happen over time, but when learning a new exercise one should always go slowly. As I’ve mentioned in other lessons and to all my students, doing exercises at a slow tempo is essential to successfully internalising the material at hand. This exercise, aptly titled the Note Finder Exercise, should be attacked systematically and SLOWLY. This simple exercise can help you systematically break down where every note is on the fretboard and help you understand the scale patterns you already know at a much deeper and comprehensible level. But what if you want to move out of your stock pentatonic shape and play that high E at the 12th fret? You may know a shape up in that area as well, but still you feel boxed in because the rest of the fretboard remains uncharted waters, grey and fuzzed out by a lack of fretboard knowledge and fluidity. Unfortunately, this leads to many guitarists being able to play quite well but feeling boxed in by their fundamental lack of knowledge of the fretboard. What’s more, the neck’s uniform nature lends itself to patterns that can easily be moved around the neck without having to actually know what notes are being played. The fretboard is a complex grid that overlaps on itself and often leaves it’s handler confused and frustrated. As a new guitarist, one of the most difficult endeavors is that of digesting and internalising the notes of the guitar neck. ![]() However, it receives a "Poor" overall score for side impacts without side curtain airbags, and an "Acceptable" overall score with side curtain airbags. The RPD, only available on the SS coupe, can read out various engine output data and alter performance settings.Īccording to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) the Cobalt receives an overall top score of "Good" for front collisions. Bluetooth capabilities were added, as well as the option for a reconfigurable performance display. Three exterior colors were changed, and the neutral interior color deleted. Both were replaced by the 2.2 L LAP engine thus providing better fuel economy and more power, as well an SS sedan being added to the lineup. The new SS (turbocharged) coupe launched near the end of May 2008, as it was a facelift from the 2005-2007 version.Ģ009: The 2.4 L naturally aspirated "Sport Coupe and "Sport Sedan" models were both deleted, along with the 2.2 L L61 engine. Other changes include the adding and removal of several exterior and interior colors. StabiliTrak stability control system was introduced. XM Radio, side-impact air bags for improved safety, and MP3 player were now standard instead of optional. At mid-year, the fuel economy was increased to 25 mpg-US (9.4 L/100 km 30 mpg-imp)5.5-7.5 km/liter city, 36 mpg-US (6.5 L/100 km 43 mpg-imp)9-11 km/lite highway on the LS and 1LT, coupe and sedan models with manual transmission now labeled with XFE badging (X-tra Fuel Economy). The new Cobalt SS features a 260 hp (194 kW) turbocharged engine, replacing the Supercharged engine which was offered from 2005-2007. In addition, the 2007 model year marked the introduction of a new 32-bit computer that replaced the 16-bit unit from 2006.Ģ008: The 2.4 L naturally aspirated, high-output SS coupe and SS sedan were renamed to just "Sport Coupe" and "Sport Sedan" respectively. ![]() The LS and LT1 retained the standard 4x100. In addition, all models except the LS and LT1 now used a 5x110 wheel bolt pattern. Other changes include a new console, new steering wheel and new radio head unit that features an audio input jack. The 2.2 L Ecotec was now rated at 148 hp (110 kW) with the 2.4 L Ecotec rated at 173 hp (129 kW). In addition, as with most other GM vehicles that year, GM's Mark of Excellence symbol was added to both front fenders near the doors.Ģ007: Both engines were retuned for more power while retaining the same fuel economy. The LS became the base model while the LT was marketed as a mid-range package the top level trim was now the LTZ. This car was equipped with a 2.4 L naturally aspirated Ecotec inline-4. ![]() The engine output was increased to 155 hp (116 kW).Ģ006: A non-supercharged Cobalt SS was added to the lineup. For 2009, the United States Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy was increased to 24 mpg-US (9.8 L/100 km 29 mpg-imp) city/34 mpg-US (6.9 L/100 km 41 mpg-imp) highway with automatic transmission, and 26 mpg-US (9.0 L/100 km 31 mpg-imp) city/37 mpg-US (6.4 L/100 km 44 mpg-imp) highway with manual transmission. Weight is average in-class, at 2,681 lb (1,216 kg) for the coupe and 2,747 lb (1,246 kg) for the sedan. The wheelbase is 103.3 in (2,624 mm), longer than its competitors, and the width is 68.4 in (1,737 mm). ![]() The front suspension is independent with MacPherson struts, while a semi-independent torsion beam is used in the rear. The United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies the Cobalt as a subcompact car. While the Cobalt was available as a 2-door coupé and a 4-door sedan in all markets it was offered in, the G5 was only available as a coupé in the United States while a sedan version was sold alongside the coupé in Canada and Mexico.Īll Cobalts and its Pontiac equivalents were manufactured at GM's plant in Ramos Arizpe, Mexico and Lordstown, Ohio. In all cases, the G5 replaced the Cavalier-related Pontiac Sunfire. Also available was a high performance, Super Sport variant.Ī Pontiac version was sold primarily as the Pontiac G5 in Canada for its entire run (where it was briefly known as the Pontiac Pursuit and later Pontiac G5 Pursuit), as well as the Pontiac G4 in Mexico for 2005-2006, and in both Mexico and the United States under the G5 name for 2007-2009. The Cobalt was available as both a coupe and sedan, and is based upon the GM Delta platform also shared with the Chevrolet HHR and Saturn Ion. The Cobalt replaced both the Cavalier and the Prizm as Chevrolet's compact car. The Chevrolet Cobalt is a compact car initially introduced by Chevrolet in 2004 for the 2005 model year. Small projections 29 on the end of the blade are then upset to fasten the plug in place. A small plug 26, having an annular flange 21 on one end, is entered in the notch 23 far enough so that the end of the blade enters diametrically opposed slots 28 provided in the flange 21. In this way the bearing at this end of the blade is made as large as the one provided at the other end, as will soon appear. The prong '22 is arranged to be passed through a hole 24 of larger diameter provided in one side wall of the hopper, whereupon a bushing 25 is pressed onto the prong to have a close working fit in the hole. The blade 20 is formed with a small axial prong 22 at one end and a notch 23 at the other end. 2, is of helical form, whereby to make for smoother and easier operation with the hand crank, one radial prong at a time being passed through between the bars, instead of the entire set of prongs. ![]() ![]() is supported on the side walls of the hopper by means of lugs 2| provided on the plate projecting through slots provided in the side walls of the hopper. 2 how the nut meats or other material to be broken will always drop down into the crotch in front of the teeth I 9, so as to be broken in the movement of the prongs between the bars forming said crotch. The plate I! is bent to V cross-section so that the bars l8 form a crotch, and the prongs IQ of the blade 20 move through the crotch in the direction indicated by the arrow in Fig. The two parts mentioned are stamped from sheet metal for economy in construction. The breaking or comminuting means 6 provided in the bottom of the hopper 1 consists preferably of a grate plate I! stationarily mounted in the hopper and slotted transversely to provide a plurality of equally spaced parallel grate bars l8, between which the breaker prongs IQ of a rotary blade 20 are arranged to operate. A47J42/24- Coffee mills Spice mills having pulverising beaters or rotary knives hand driven.A47J42/22- Coffee mills Spice mills having pulverising beaters or rotary knives. ![]()
![]() ![]() The revenues associated with these receivables are not recognized until the dispute is settled. Amounts due from the federal government in a governmental fund type account which are in dispute at the end of the accounting period.The federal government's share of monies expended by the state to finance a project which, either by law or by contractual agreement, is to be financed on a matching basis with the federal government. ![]() Refer to Subsection 85.65.34.a and b for illustrative entries.
![]() ![]() Language supportĪtlas.ti is Unicode-enabled and manages data in various character sets and languages practically. It provides analytical coding and supports interpretative and inductive research approaches such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, sociology of knowledge, phenomenology, etc., that are not available in other software tools. Quotation levelĪtlas.ti’s quotation level is also unique. It allows you to interact with your research data intuitively and transform the pen-and-paper analogy to stay competent in the modern, digital world. ![]() It provides a unique workspace that is hardly found in any other software in the market at present. Atlas.ti offers this feature that helps you easily create beautiful mind maps to visualize your interpretations and findings. You can present data, make modifications, and find gaps easily using these maps. Mind maps help you visualize your data so you can extract meaningful information out of it. Atlas.ti makes it possible by allowing you to link your research materials semantically, so it makes sense. For that, citing the proper source is something you should never ignore. Your research must be backed with solid arguments and proof to increase its credibility. Additionally, you can use the Project Explorer, Co-occurrence Explorer, and Object Manager to navigate and browse the project data. You can perform coding efficiently by dragging your code onto the chosen piece of information. It allows you to access all the fundamental project elements such as code, documents, memos, groups, hyperlinks, networks, highlighted data segments with comfort and speed. It serves as a robust container to store your data. You get a centralized workspace to organize all your data neatly. In addition, you can also opt to import complete surveys and analyze answers. It allows you to import data from Twitter, Evernote, and your preferred reference manager to enable literature review. It will help you extract deeper meaning from your textual data. In addition, you can perform automated searches in multiple documents, enjoy auto-coding, and benefit from other useful semantic operations. ![]() It supports text files in formats, including. You can work with hundreds of photos, documents, and video or audio clips seamlessly. Supports multiple data typesĪtlas.ti supports a large range of data types in various formats. Features of Atlas.tiĪtlas.ti provides a set of valuable features and tools to help you dig deeper into your data, no matter how complex it is. They come from backgrounds such as quality management, management studies, economics, educational science, sociology, criminology, anthropology, medicine, communications, and many more. Researchers from universities, research institutions, and corporations from multiple fields use this tool. It can handle large data volumes and files to process, organize, and analyze and gain actionable insights from research work. The tool works across devices and platforms and offers automated processes and collaborative workflows to provide excellent results. Serving people for more than three decades, Atlas.ti is an easy-to-use and intuitive cloud-based data analysis and research software. This powerful workbench enables you to analyze large amounts of data consisting of texts, videos, audio, and graphics. What is Atlas.ti?Ītlas.ti is an all-in-one research software that helps researchers, educational institutes, and scholars to discover insights hidden from raw data. Let’s find out about Atlas.ti and how it can help you in your research projects. It will help you organize, manage, present, and analyze your data effectively with its robust capabilities. This is where Atlas.ti comes into the picture. No matter how good you are at research, if you don’t manage your data correctly, you can end up being frustrated, and it will consume much more time than it should. People struggle a lot in organizing and presenting information so that it becomes easy for them to analyze it. It becomes challenging to manage a large amount of data from a research project. The overall process must be seamless, avoiding clutter and complexities so you can find what you aim for. Conducting research requires you to gather powerful insights, analyze them effectively, and discover meaningful information. Of course, this is with using all 4 cores of the ARM Cortex-A7 running 8 threads (2 Hyperthreads per-core) running 2 operations per-word and 32 respectively. Using Roy Longbottom’s Android multithreading benchmark MP-MFLOPS, it’s clear that the Pi2 is noticeably faster, especially when it’s overclocked to the maximum 1,000MHz. To discover more about taxing all the cores in a benchmark, I discovered the following benchmark results. Which is about 155% improvement over the original Pi models. I could extrapolate that if the load was shared across the cores, the Pi2 could calculate Pi in 3.8938 seconds. As it turns out, that the bc calculation was a single thread operation, and only one core is used, however the Pi2 beat it predecessors by 9.085 seconds with 3 cores tied behind its back. The Pi2 had a 62% improvement in time over its predecessors. Also, I ran the calculation several times and found the results varied, which was surprising. Unsurprisingly, added RAM has no influence on this simple calculation. The model B and B+ results were the same, which isn’t surprising since the boards are almost identical. The results for the three Pi models (original B, B+, and Pi 2), at stock clock frequency, were as follows (results in seconds): Obviously, the bc part is the bc utility. The a() portion is the Arc Tangent function. Scale is the number of decimal places to calculate. ![]() To calculate pi, I used the command line formula: time echo "scale=2015 4*a(1)" | bc -l To start with, I installed the Command Line Calculator, called BCĮasy to install… type at the command prompt: sudo apt-get install bc ![]() Arcade emulation is buttery as well, however perceived speed wasn’t scientific enough for me so I decided it would be apt to calculate Pi, on the Pi. ![]() Games seem smoother, especially first person shooters. I received a Raspberry Pi 2, and immediately wanted to see how much of an improvement it was. This is the Raspberry Pi 2, which I used to calculate pi against other Pis. |